Contested facts · veracity-3pt · fact-multivitamins-01

Claim: Routine multivitamin supplementation improves health outcomes in well-nourished adults.

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Refusal rate

Models

Where each model stands

CCG

refutedcontestedsupported

ChatGPT modal refuted [refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted] · stability 1.00

1 refuted 0.95 "No—routine multivitamin supplementation has not been shown to improve major health outcomes (all‑cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, or overall cancer incidence) in well‑nourished adults."
2 refuted 0.94 The answer states: 'Not supported for most well‑nourished adults. Routine daily multivitamin use does not meaningfully improve major health outcomes (all‑cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, or cancer)...'
3 refuted 0.92 The answer states: 'Short answer: Not supported for the average well‑nourished adult' and explains that 'Multiple large randomized trials and systematic reviews have found that routine daily multivitamin use... does not meaningfully lower all‑cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, or most cancers.'
4 refuted 0.95 "Short answer: No — for well-nourished adults, routine multivitamin/mineral supplements have not been shown to improve major health outcomes (all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease)"
5 refuted 0.95 "Not supported for most people. High-quality evidence shows routine multivitamin use does not meaningfully improve major health outcomes in well‑nourished adults..."

Claude modal refuted [refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted] · stability 1.00

1 refuted 0.92 The answer states the claim is 'not well-supported by major clinical evidence' and cites multiple large-scale clinical trials (Physicians' Health Study II, Women's Health Initiative, SELECT, Cochrane reviews) showing no significant benefits or null results for routine multivitamin supplementation in well-nourished adults. The evidence clearly refutes the claim rather than merely contesting it.
2 refuted 0.92 The answer explicitly states 'The claim is not well-supported' and provides evidence from major systematic reviews and trials showing multivitamins do not reduce mortality, provide cardiovascular benefits, or prevent cognitive decline in well-nourished adults. The answer concludes that healthy adults are 'essentially funding expensive urine' and recommends against routine supplementation in this p
3 refuted 0.95 The answer states 'The claim is NOT supported for well-nourished populations' and cites major systematic reviews (Cochrane, USPSTF) and large RCTs showing 'null or negligible benefits' for routine multivitamin supplementation in well-nourished adults, while documenting potential harms.
4 refuted 0.92 The answer directly states the claim is 'not well-supported by major clinical evidence' and presents multiple large clinical trials (Physicians' Health Study II, VITALS, Women's Health Initiative) showing multivitamins had 'no effect' on major health outcomes. It concludes that major health organizations don't recommend routine supplementation for well-nourished adults.
5 refuted 0.92 The answer explicitly states 'The claim is not well-supported' for well-nourished populations and cites multiple rigorous RCTs showing multivitamins don't reduce cardiovascular events, cancer incidence, cognitive decline, or mortality in well-nourished adults. Major health organizations are cited as not recommending routine supplementation for generally healthy adults.

Gemini modal refuted [refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted, refuted] · stability 1.00

1 refuted 0.95 The answer concludes that the claim is 'Unsupported by scientific evidence' and notes that trials have 'consistently found that multivitamins have no significant effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, or stroke in well-nourished populations.'
2 refuted 0.95 The answer states that the claim is 'largely unsupported' and concludes that daily multivitamins offer 'no established benefit for preventing chronic disease or prolonging life' in well-nourished adults.
3 refuted 0.95 The answer assesses the claim as unsupported by scientific evidence, concluding that 'for well-nourished adults... routine multivitamin-mineral (MVM) supplementation has not been shown to significantly improve major health outcomes, prevent chronic disease, or extend lifespan.'
4 refuted 0.95 The answer concludes that for well-nourished adults, 'clinical consensus and evidence from large trials do not support the idea that routine multivitamin supplementation significantly improves long-term health outcomes or prevents chronic disease.'
5 refuted 0.95 The answer states that scientific consensus and large-scale clinical evidence 'do not support the claim that routine multivitamin supplementation improves major health outcomes' and that evidence indicates it 'provides little to no protection against chronic disease or early death.'

Change over time

No change from the prior run — every model's modal stance held.

Every stance label is a derived judgment over the model's free-text answer, kept auditable against the original transcript in the run's raw data. Method: /methodology.